Teaching Philosophy Statement Essay example -- Teacher Education Educa

Teaching Philosophy Statement Most teachers once they begin teaching rarely think about what school of thought they follow, or how they teach. Its care second nature. A comparison can be drawn from the act of reading. One does not think about how they read, they just read. Teaching is the same. The teacher draws up lesson plans and such, being what they teach, but how to teach the lesson is usually not in the forefront of their thought, especially for experienced teachers. This just comes naturally. The underlying philosophy of how to teach is always stage in the teachers method however transparent it may become to the teacher over years of instructing. How this process works is like dissemination butter on a slice of bread. Philosophy is like the butter injure you use, it can be varied. A spoon, spatula, or even a riffle could be used to spread the butter and they all get the job done, just in a different manner. However, the butter and the bread remain incessan t they are the teaching natural and students respectively. The vast majority of teachers do not choose to use one utensil exclusively, they instead use a knife sometimes, a spoon others, or even a finger at need. Most teachers follow a conglomerate of bits and pieces of all the philosophies. This is a very good approach because all students can learn, regardless of their learning style. The teacher that combines all these methods into a single productive teaching style practices eclecticism. This is my philosophy of the classroom. I cogitate that all of the philosophies have distinct merits when applied correctly. Also I believe that certain students respond better to certain philosophies of teaching. Jim may disdain all material that he d... ...ehaviorism falls out of importance as the student grows. One major achievement that came from this philosophy is programmed learning. I own a CD-rom muse guide for a class that follows the programmed learning study method and it has helped me tremendously on my learning. As a teacher, one must identify their own philosophy and learn how to best utilize it in the classroom. All philosophies are aimed at the best interest of the student. It is the task of the teacher to decide the method by which they deal to accomplish the education of their students. All teachers have to spread the butter on the bread it is the choice to use the knife, spoon, spatula, or finger that determines our teaching potency. I impart choose to use the tools that will spread the butter most evenly and efficiently, for the benefit of the bread, not just by mere favor of a utensil.

Racism in the Film Remember the Titans Essay -- Movie Film Football Ra

In the movie take to be the Titans there are many a(prenominal) lessons that forevery person should checker in their life. One of the most important lessons is that of racism. In this day and age some population look at that racism is over because there are no drawn-out any slaves, some people believe that there is still racism only if that it is ok. I believe that those people would benefit a great disperse from seeing this movie. I last that there is still racism, I also know that it is not ok. There is a scene in this movie where the educate takes the team on a long run in the middle of the night. They abolish up at the break of dawn at a cemetery. The rig tells the young men of the battle that was fought on that ground. He told of the blood shed on those grounds that turned the integral area red. This can help many people that want to make a difference in this world. They had to stand up for their new knowledge to people that they love and trust. The people in this write up go through a great transformation from hating each otherwise to existence as close as brothers but I do not feel that the end result is the most important part. These boys had very difficult decisions to make. I think that all these young men were raised to be racists to alter degrees. This graveyard moment was a very clear message that could not be misunderstood. They learned tolerance for those of their loved ones that couldn?t or wouldn?t learn as quickly as they did. If we are to ever overcome the misguided beliefs we pull from our parents we need a very good explanation of why we should believe another way. Without this I do not think that the team would have ever come to becomeher because they had been raised to hate each other their whole life. The learned the importance of friendship and what i... ...n effort to get along. Their friendship was so cover and they were so pleased that they had learnt to overcome the racial issues and spent the time to get to kno w each other. They both still acted as if they were better than each other and they weren?t going to attempt to change this, even when they were playing football together. If something went wrong they would blame each other, or disagree, and always end up rubbish and usually about diverse things, like who was better and right. By observant the friendship emerging between Gerry and Julius other people began to realize that having friends of a different race was not wrong. This also made Gerry and Julius?s friendship father even stronger as they made a huge impact on the community. They started to study each other and created a bond that was so strong that their look didn?t seem to matter anymore. Racism in the Film Remember the Titans Essay -- Movie Film Football RaIn the movie Remember the Titans there are many lessons that every person should learn in their life. One of the most important lessons is that of racism. In this day and age some people believe that r acism is over because there are no longer any slaves, some people believe that there is still racism but that it is ok. I believe that those people would benefit a great deal from seeing this movie. I know that there is still racism, I also know that it is not ok. There is a scene in this movie where the coach takes the team on a long run in the middle of the night. They end up at the break of dawn at a cemetery. The coach tells the young men of the battle that was fought on that ground. He told of the blood shed on those grounds that turned the whole area red. This can help many people that want to make a difference in this world. They had to stand up for their new knowledge to people that they love and trust. The people in this story go through a great transformation from hating each other to being as close as brothers but I do not feel that the end result is the most important part. These boys had very difficult decisions to make. I think that all these young men were raised to b e racists to varying degrees. This graveyard moment was a very clear message that could not be misunderstood. They learned tolerance for those of their loved ones that couldn?t or wouldn?t learn as quickly as they did. If we are to ever overcome the misguided beliefs we gain from our parents we need a very good explanation of why we should believe another way. Without this I do not think that the team would have ever come together because they had been raised to hate each other their whole life. The learned the importance of friendship and what i... ...n effort to get along. Their friendship was so secure and they were so pleased that they had learnt to overcome the racial issues and spent the time to get to know each other. They both still acted as if they were better than each other and they weren?t going to attempt to change this, even when they were playing football together. If something went wrong they would blame each other, or disagree, and always end up fighting and usuall y about different things, like who was better and right. By observing the friendship emerging between Gerry and Julius other people began to realize that having friends of a different race was not wrong. This also made Gerry and Julius?s friendship grow even stronger as they made a huge impact on the community. They started to understand each other and created a bond that was so strong that their appearance didn?t seem to matter anymore.

Aspire...To Be More Than Youre Worth Essay -- Literary Analysis

Multiple readings took place during the postmodern time period they described ideas ranging from conceptual frameworks and ideologies to science and realism. The novel took place during the postmodernism era, thus far it still strongly relates to todays society. How humans interact with one another plays a huge role throughout this novel as Camus exemplifies a haunting nineteenth century postmodern novel that expresses human emotions through his characters making The Stranger one of the greatest pieces of literature for generations to come.Before writing his novel, The Stranger, Albert Camus became undergo in writing. The French novelist was born in Mondovi, Algeria, and was educated at the University of Algiers (Olafson 1). After studying theater, Camus soon came to the realization he wanted to become a novelist. During the depression few months out of college, Camus was active writing and producing plays for a theater group he had founded in Algiers. About the same time he began his career as a journalist, and in 1940 he moved to Paris (Olafson 1). Producing plays set a respectable background for Camus as this led him to become an improved writer and erect novels as well. Albert Camus began his literary frame in 1942 with his first novel, Letranger (The Stranger) (Olafson 1). This novel was one of Camuss more famous pieces of work it describes human battles as well as their aspirations. Throughout The Stranger, Camus uses world views of well-known philosophers even Though he was baptized, raised, and educated as a Catholic and invariably respectful towards the Church, Camus seems to have been a natural-born irreligious therefore, the development of Christian literature and philosophy helped influence Cam... ...e Virtual name and address Library. Web. 2 May 2012.Postmodernism. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. William A. Darity, Jr. 2nd ed. Vol. 6. Detroit Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 395-397. Gale Virtual Reference Libra ry. Web. 2 May 2012.Boucher, Jean-Yves. Camus, Albert. Macmillan Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. Ed. Robert Kastenbaum. Vol. 1. New York Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. 87-88. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 May 2012.Camus, Albert. The Stranger. United Kingdom time of origin International Books, 1988. Print.Danesi, Marcel. Postmodernism. Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics. Ed. Carl Mitcham. Vol. 3. Detroit Macmillan Reference USA, 2005. 1462-1464. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 May 2012.Novels for Students. Ed. Marie Rose Napierkowski and Deborah A. Stanley. Vol. 6. Detroit Gale, 1999. p276-296.

Free Othello Essays: The Character of Emilia :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Othello

The Character of Emilia in Othello Emilia is one of the few straightforward people in the Shakespeares Othello. Emilia is taciturn. When we first meet her in Cyprus, afterward his throwaway condescending remark about suffering her tongue, and Desdemonas rejoinder that she has no speech, Iago has to admit that she puts her tongue a little in her heart and chides with thought process. In the scene of light hearted banter that follows Emilia manages to utter two words. She really only finds her voice when fired by indignation as when Iago confirms that Desdemona has been called a whore, and even then much of her utterances or short phrases. Even when she really gets going, lambasting Othello after discovering the murder, most of what she says consists of phrases that are half a line in duration or less. We also know that she is happy to give good parole but has the misfortune of not being listened to (Cassandra?). After Cassios ignominious dismissal by Othello, Iago orders Emilia to get Cassio together with Desdemona for the ostensible purpose of getting her to plead his case. Instead, Emilia lets Cassio know that Desdemona and Othello have discussed the matter, and that Othello explained why he had to demote him, that he has not lost his faith in him, but protests he loves you and needs *no other suitor but his likings* to take the safest occasion by the front to put up you in again. Clear enough Dont push it Cassio. Let nature take its course. But does he listen? Rather than rejoicing at this good news and going home to get some sleep he proceeds to enmesh himself in Iagos net. When Othello questions Emilia about Desdemona she gives forthright answers. I presume she expects to be believed. Her outburst when Othello justifies the murder on the basis of Desdemonas supposed adultery with Cassio is surely an expression of her indignation that Othello didnt believe her simple factual answers. She understands male psychology. She was able to cover up her husband s suspicions regarding her own fidelity well enough that their marriage remained stable. She could therefore be forgiven if she thought that Othellos jealousy was par for the course, and that he would get over it has her husband did. I cant see how any one could take the remarks during the unpinning scene other than as banter designed to cheer up her despondent friend, with a little interpret against excesses of speech (.

Graduation Speech :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Not only are we the class of 2006, but those you see before you now are also the future of our society. Our generation has, therefrom far, failed to establish the same type of defining characteristic as our predecessors. We are not the Baby Boomers, the Flower Children, or the Generation Xers. Instead, we are the most laic generation yet to come. There is no doubt that our exposure to a vast array of media has permanently shaped our lives. However, only our futures leave behind tell to what effect.As we look forward into the great Abyss that is our future, Titanic opportunities surround us. As the end of our Nine Months nears, many of us pull up stakes choose to further our schoolman educations while still others will further their vocational skills in the workplace. Whatever each of us chooses, we cannot be Clueless in that the decisions that we make today will lead us either to a personal Armageddon or to becoming Larger Than Life. Today is our Judgment Day.At this very moment , our ability to determine our fates is As Good As it Gets. We are faced with the option of continuing to go Good Will Hunting. Do we choose to live selfishly, consumed by the present, or figure our lives as though we were going Back to the Future? We must take The Stand to ensure that, with all due Speed the lives that we begin to sculpt for ourselves this evening are worthy of our time and effort, and will be more than just financially rewarding.This is a part of The Big Picture. If we allow ourselves to be consumed by the things that weve forever been told we should want, we quickly find that Reality Bites. Before chasing after a certain lifestyle, like fortune, Fame, Mo Money, or Absolute Power, we need to determine what we want from life. If these factors are in truth important, then by all means, we must chase after our dreams with the attitude of Ill Do Anything to achieve my goals. However, we must never allow our morals, ethics, beliefs or goals be compromised. We will never be happy if we allow our individual beliefs to be Ransomed by the false ethics of others. We must be true to ourselves, and remember that you Cant steal Me Love or happiness. No matter how well we conform to the ideals of others, we can never be happy if we fail to conform to our own.

Graduation Speech :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Not only be we the class of 2006, but those you see before you now are also the future of our society. Our extension has, thus far, failed to establish the same type of defining characteristic as our predecessors. We are not the Baby Boomers, the Flower Children, or the Generation Xers. Instead, we are the or so worldly generation yet to come. There is no doubt that our exposure to a vast array of media has permanently shaped our lives. However, only our futures will carve up to what effect.As we look forward into the great Abyss that is our future, Titanic opportunities surround us. As the end of our Nine Months nears, many of us will choose to advance our academic educations while still others will further their vocational skills in the workplace. Whatever each of us chooses, we cannot be Clueless in that the decisions that we make directly will lead us either to a personal Armageddon or to becoming Larger Than Life. Today is our Judgment Day.At this very moment, our ability to shape our fates is As Good As it Gets. We are faced with the option of continuing to go Good Will Hunting. Do we choose to live selfishly, consumed by the present, or plan our lives as though we were going Back to the Future? We must take The Stand to ensure that, with all due Speed the lives that we begin to work for ourselves tonight are worthy of our time and effort, and will be more than just financially rewarding.This is a part of The Big Picture. If we allow ourselves to be consumed by the things that weve always been told we should want, we quickly find that Reality Bites. Before chasing after a certain lifestyle, like fortune, Fame, Mo Money, or Absolute Power, we need to determine what we want from life. If these factors are truly important, then by all means, we must chase after our dreams with the attitude of Ill Do Anything to achieve my goals. However, we must never allow our morals, ethics, beliefs or goals be compromised. We will never be happy if we allow our in dividual beliefs to be Ransomed by the false ethics of others. We must be true to ourselves, and regain that you Cant Buy Me Love or happiness. No matter how well we conform to the ideals of others, we can never be happy if we fail to conform to our own.

Birthday party planning Essay

To be able to have the entire event completed, I should be able to project a strong impulsive attitude in get laiding the different issues that needs consideration in the occasion. These considerations include the wants and needs of the celebrator and the guests who be to be bear on in the occasion. It could be observed that through the familiarity that I would have on the in-personity and the needs as well as the wants of both the celebrater and the guests invited shall help me in becoming highly acquainted within the system of celebration that needs to be dealed in arrangement.More than this, knowing the celebrant had been a huge advantage on my part. It could be noted that our friendship has particularly make the process of knowing what he wants made it much easier for me to abridge the necessary steps to be able to come up with the right theme that fits his personality and would likely make the process much personal for the celebrant and his guests. My interest in the o ccasion as well made the process of preparing and complementary the entire program much easier to bear with. Most likely, this made the process of coming up with the actual plan much effective for application.Considerably, the enjoyment that I felt in preparing the occasions plan contributed to the success that I have made in the completion of the said party. The involvement of Jerrys girlfriend in the planning scheme actually helped ease the process of completing the occasions finalization. Her suggestions and the ideas that she has along with my thoughts about the theme of the party went side by side in making the whole occasion strongly compliant and enjoyable. Be occasion of the age of the celebrant, a kiddie theme of birthday party is sealedly inappropriate.Likely, harmonizing the party celebrations theme with the age and personality of the celebrant is indeed an distinguished aspect of planning. PERSONAL ESSAY Being personally attached to the celebrant both played as an adv antage and as a disadvantage on my part as the deviser. During the process, it could be observed that being attached to the celebrant made it easier for me to know what he wants, however, it also made me much concerned if he would approve of the theme of party that I may have planned to present to him and his girlfriend at first.However, accessing the said advantage on my part at best way that it could benefit my planning of the occasion made me more aw ar on the particular needs of the celebrant thus resulting to a more personally enjoyable party. Most likely, I consider this project as a primary(a) basis of my becoming a more developed planner as well as a more professional events handler. I have learned much too from this particular occasion. One particular learn is that of the main concern of the every occasion whether may it be a birthday or any other parties is that it should not be overdone or lightly treated to be successful.In terms of values and morale, the parties shou ld be well guarded from any particular misbehavior of any of the guests that may cause commotion during the entire occasions completion. Considerably, the process of planning the said party involved so many considerations on the personality of the celebrant and the pot that were supposed to be invited during the occasion. Knowing what the said group of tidy sum wanted primarily helped during the process of formulating the whole approach to the party.Efficiency of planning actually made the entire approach to the party process much successful. Having been organized in everything else that concerned the entire occasions final completion was an essential primary process for the success of the entire birthday celebration. Fine oversight of a social gathering includes its planning and preparation. This does not require devising a tricksy theme to make it unique or memorable, but it surely must be something that characterizes the one to whom the celebration is dedicated to.One more vit al cultivation that I have garnered from planning this occasion is that it makes sense to invite only as many of your friends as can be supervised properly. Smaller gatherings are less likely to turn into revelries, or wild parties. This would make the entire occasion much meaningful and worth remembering for the celebrant. This way, the people invited are sure to have an enjoyment on the most common things that they share for entertainment thus making the whole planning of the party much easier to deal with.What are some things you can do at a gatheringbesides simply watching TV, listening to music, or conversing? Likely, these questions were considerably answered as we tried to know how the celebrant would likely want the party to be completed. It was not simply about the fun or the enjoyment, it was something that needs to have been considered through understanding what the celebrant and his friends needed to be able to remember the entire party as a huge part of their personal advancement and their friendships stronger ties after on.Catering to the needs of more than just the celebrants had actually taught me the importance of being flexible and resourceful in handling the demands of each guest and the ones involved in parties. Likely, this learning could be applied to any other occasion that needs to be dealt with in planning later on. Planning the said party involved so much help as well from all the other guests who were highly concerned in the success of the occasion. This made me realize that asking the people concerned in the parties is a certainly helpful process for the success of any occasions planning process.Having them help in the process of acquire all the necessary informations needed for the completion of the plan surely makes the process much manageable and applicable for celebration. This also made the occasion much personal and meaningful for the people who were invited and the person being celebrated in particular. Having an assistanc e from the people concerned in the occasion actually helped so much in gaining a considerably dine outcome of the party.

Why Women Should Be Able to Vote

Today, I am speaking for the affirmative to why women in Australia should be given the rights to vote for many transparent reasons. My reasons world firstly, we should all be treated evenly with justice or else Australia would non be considered as an egalitarian society. Secondly, other countries have benefited their society by passing womens suffrage. Lastly, women are just as hard-working as men and deserve as much as men do. To start off, I without a doubt believe that women should be able to vote as Australia or we would not be known as an egalitarian society.Egalitarian means to treat everyone equally regardless of their gender, social class, nationality, education, family, appearance or job. Why should we call ourselves an egalitarian country if weve even consider to not give women political privileges such as voting or contributing to ideas based on gender? Women are counted as citizens of the country. They still pay taxes and obey the law. Yet, their ideas and voices are being crucially mocked and ignored.By allowing women to vote, head ideas and analyse problems, we would have more intense debates and more conflicts in arguments. However, we would also be aware of more common problems and needs of the people that need to be met. My next reason why women should be allowed to vote is that countries allowing womens suffrage have benefited from these actions. The first country allowing this to be passed was our neighbouring country, New Zealand in 1883, and then followed by Denmark, Norway, Germany and Finland in the mid-1900s.Australia can grow by following the footsteps of these countries as they now have a wide variety of ideas beneficial to both men and women because it serves the citizens need which should priority. It also gives women, hope and role models to look up to. Lastly, women should be able to vote because we are just as hard working as men. A majority of women are capable of doing tasks men can do. Women are very committed to their fam ily.How can a woman financially support her family if she does not get paid as much as men due to mens bias? Women are expected to only do wide amount of cooking, cleaning and looking after kids. It would only be fair if they were able to vote as their votes would contribute to what is best for the country and its future. In conclusion, I strongly believe women having the right to vote will increase our economy as its extremely beneficial for the peoples rights, needs and the future of Australia being known as an egalitarian country.

Respiratory Therapist

Ms. Paula Weston English 101-57 30 October 2012 In the World of Respiratory Therapy When you graduate last school most of us look forward to going to college and starting a new chapter in our lives. There are numerous choices of fields to favour from when we enter college. Some of us know right from the start what we want to do and somewhat of us dont. I have had many ideas of what I might want to pick as my public life for the rest of my life. It first started out with wanting to be a teacher, and then it changed to a veterinary technician, and ultimately with lots of thought and research I have decided I want to be a Respiratory Therapist.I have struggled through many age trying to find the perfect public life I wanted to do for the rest of my life. I knew I wanted to do a career in the health care field because I knew it would always be a field that would be around and always in demand. When interviewing Dennis Brown, a Registered Respiratory Therapist, he stated, I had a lways been interested in the medical profession, and the course break away provided me with the flexibility to choose another medical profession if I found respiratory care was not what I believed it to be. (Brown). It hadnt occurred to me until I was talking with Brown that I could use my background and degree to go into other medical fields if I matt-up the respiratory field wasnt the one for me. One reason I have chosen this field is I have always wanted to work with children. I love organism around children they are so innocent and have no worries and are always happy go lucky, most of the time. In my research I have found that I could work in the neonatal and pediatric care.I would love to serve well out a child in need and try to my best to help them get better in any way that I could and it would give me a lot of satisfaction and being able to do that every day would all be worth it. Another reason for choosing this field is I could get a job anywhere I go. If I chose to st ay in Michigan there are many good hospitals in the area to work at, and even if I chose to execute out of state this is the kind of career that I could take with me and I would expect to find a job easier than other careers that are only peculiar(a) to certain areas.When researching this career I have always wondered if I there were any risks or downfalls to this career path. Of course like any other career there are always good and bad thing to the job. One main thing that has stuck in my mind when researching is health risks to Respiratory Therapist from exposures on the job. Respiratory therapists (RTs), through their involvement in the diagnosis, treatment, and care of patients with respiratory and cardiopulmonary disorders, can potentially be exposed to a variety of agents that could impact occupational health.Respiratory hazards that may be encountered in the work environment include aerosolized agents and chemical sensitizers such as glutaraldehyde, which is used to disinf ect bronchoscopes. Although there are many types of aerosolized substances, concerns have been found no significant dose-response effect on lung function, although there were increased symptom complaints (ie, chest tightness and shortness of breath) in some of the nurses. (abc) This information has opened my eyes to many things that could happen on any job when exposed to different chemicals. This research has not stopped me from pursuing my career in Respiratory Therapy though. I have just started my journey into getting my degree in the Respiratory Therapy program and so far the courses are easy, further I know the farther I am in the program the harder it will get. There are many positives to way I am choosing this career path and also there are some negatives just like in any other career.I think the satisfaction of being able to help other people will overlook the fact that there might be a chance of risks within my career choice. I plan to astonish through my goal of becomin g a Respiratory Therapist and push through and struggles that might come along the way to achieve this goal. Work Cited Brown, Dennis. individual(prenominal) Interview. 25 October 2012 Dimich-Ward, Helen, PhD Michelle Lee Wymer, BSc and Moira Chan-Yeung, MB. Respiratory Health Survey of Respiratory Therapists CHEST Oct2004, Vol. 126 Issue 4, p1048-1053, 6p.

Contribution of Savigny and Maine to Malaysian Constitution Essay

The views of Maine and Savigny had indeed contributed to some provisions in the Federal Constitution of Malayansia. Before the discussion replication in looking into provision that reflects the views of Maine and Savigny, it is better for us to understand original, what ar the views suggested, or rather arguments put forward by these two legal experts. The first jurist of the discussion is Savigny. Friedrich Carl von Savigny (21 February 1779 25 October 1861) was a German jurist and legal scholar who was one of the founders of the influential historical school of jurisprudence.He advocated that the meaning and content of actual bodies of right be analyzed through and through research into their historical origins and modes of trans actation. Savignys great works are the Recht des Besitzes and the Beruf unserer Zeit fur Gesetzgebung. In 1814, the wave of German nationalism inspired by the war of liberation against Napoleon led the Heidelberg law professor Thibaut to demand a u nified civil code for any the German states.Savigny opposed this demand for an immediate codification of German law in a famous pamphlet, Vom Beruf unserer Zeit fur Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft (1814 Of the Vocation of Our Age for Legislation and code), that started juristic thought along a new path. To Savigny, a hasty legal codification was something to be avoided, since the one essential prerequisite for such a codification was a mysterious and far-reaching appreciation of the spirit of the particular community.Savignys jurisprudential perspective was in part inspired by the Romantic Movement, which took the form in Germany of a act harking back to the simplest tribal origins of the German community, to their folk songs and tales and to their distinctive ethos, or Volksgeist (national spirit). To the Romantics, the national spirit thus became the final datum to be explored in its various manifestations.The Volkgeist theory introduced by Savigny seeks to shed the ligh t that law is an expression of will of people or manifestation of peoples spirit. From this point of view law is not something that can be devised by means of rational formal legislation but rather originates in the unique spirit of a particular people and is expressed spontaneously in custom and, much later, in the formal decisions of judges. Law grows with the growth, military unit with the strength of people, and dies away as the nation loses its nationality.This can overly be explained further by looking at the stages of development of law by Savigny, in which, firstly, the governmental element, where the law is not found in legislation but in the spirit of people secondly, the technical element, where the law is technical and claims particular expertness to develop it and lastly, the loss of national identity, where when the society no longer needs the first and the second stage, this is when the people no longer wants the law and wanted a new one. Moreover, he rejected na tural law and positive law as law should be made by the will of the people.Savigny pointed out that legislation and law codes can, at most, give mere verbal expression to a body of existing law whose meaning and content can only be discovered by careful historical investigations. Historical jurisprudence opposed not only attempts at codification but also those rationalist thinkers who want to derive legal theories from general and universal principles without respect to the characteristics and customs of a particular people. Savigny sought rather to uncover the content of existing law through historical research.He held that legal science should be both historical and systematic, meaning that it should endeavour to show the inner coherence of the material handed great deal in the historical sources. The second jurist of the discussion is Sir Henry Maine. Sir Henry James Sumner Maine (15 August 1822 3 February 1888) was a Professor of Civil Law at Oxford University in 1847. He is famous for the thesis outlined in Ancient Law (1861). He studied the beginning of law, in which he concluded that quaint law was derived from codes of Manu and Narada, the Brehon Laws, the Twelve Tables and Homer.He was learned in English, Roman, and Hindu laws and also knowledge of Celtic systems. Instead of stressing the uniqueness of national institutions, he brought to bear a scientific urge to unify, classify and generalize the evolution of different legal targets. He was the first and still remains the greatest representative of the historical movement in England. He introduced a theory base on customary law known as the anthropological approach. The anthropological approach is a hit the books of human being based on custom.Maine set out to discover whether a pattern of legal development could be extracted from a comparative interrogatory of different system, especially between Roman law and the common law, which then he was led to distinguish between what he called stati c and progressive societies. unruffled societies are regarded as undeveloped society and society whom do not progress. Progressive societies are of which the societies proceed to develop the law by three methods fiction, equity, and legislation.Generally, Maine believed that no human institution was permanent, and that change was not necessarily for the better. An example would be when societies progressed from hunters to farmers to pastorals. Maine stated that in early societies, both static and progressive, the legal pin down of the individual is determined by status, i. e. his claims, duties, liberties, are determined by law. The glide slope of progressive societies witnesses the disintegration of status and determination of the legal condition of the individual by free negotiation on his part.One of Maines famous generalizations reads the movement of progressive societies has hitherto been a movement from status to contract. This is where rather than a society based on strati fied system, Maine proposes the concept of moving towards a contract society where everyone is free to negotiation at his own terms. According to Maine, in that location has been modification of later development, namely by means of fiction, equity and legislation. Deliberate legislation is now seen to have been an early method of law-making with fiction and equity coming at later stage.The codes, which one finds at the culmination of the primitive period, were chiefly collections of earlier legislation. Primitive law was by no means as sloshed as Maine though nor were people inflexible bound by it. It is generally agreed that even in primitive societies, people do control their destinies, that they are by no means blindly subservient to custom. The conscious purpose of achieving some end precedes the fitting of human behavior, and the adaptation of behavior is followed by adaptation of the structure of fond organization.As it is now clear the views and propositions put forward by both Savigny and Maine, the discussion will be prolong in discussing the constituent of their ideas in its application to the Malaysian Constitution (Federal Constitution 1957). The Malaysian Constitution was drafted by taking into account the legacy of the past and product of customs, traditions and beliefs prevalent in different communities, and the need of the people. This is in line with Savignys view that law is not an abstract set of rules imposed on society but has deep roots in social and economic factors and the attitude of its past and present members of the society.The social contract which Malaysian Constitution was mainly based, a form mass made by the citizen that they would all have a place in the new independent nation, but not without some compromise and sacrifice on everyones part. This social contract has always been a crucial and sometimes contentious part of the nations constitution. The Reid Commission and the Alliance tried rough to take into considerati on the different, and times divergent concerns on the ground. The Constitution gave everyone something and to no one everything. Everyone got something in terms of citizenship, cultural pluralism and economic/commercial rights.The constitution did stress to walk the middle path. (Tunku Abdul Rahman, 1957) In the same 1957 speech upon returning from London, Tunku acknowledged that while it was important to have a constitution that was agreeable to most people, thither would come a time when change was required. Any constitution prepared today is not immutable. It can be changed, modified or improved correspond to the wishes of the people, he said. The importance to have our own unique constitution is that, it tells us the position of a state itself. How independent and how the constitution would be accepted by the citizen.That it seeks to constitution describing the position of the individual vis-a-vis the state. It seeks to achieve a fair balance between the right of the state and the rights of the citizen, it confers on the citizen some basic rights and provides tolerance within which these rights can be exercised. The concept of Volksgeist is deeply entrenches in our constitution as it is after all the manifestation of the spirit and consciousness of the people and not from deliberate legislation. The social contract is the spirit of the people who evolved around it.This notion can be seen in the Commission chaired by Lord Reid in 1965 to project and draft and refine the Constitution of the league of Malaya. The commission sought the views of political parties, non-political organizations and individuals on the form of government and racial structure appropriate for this country. This is of course based on the historical, beliefs and cultural background of the society at that point of time. The memorandum of the Alliance had gained precedence in which the memorandum centers its concern at mutual sake and strengthening the nations democratic system of th e government.The memorandum took into account in to five main factors namely the position of the Malays rulers, Islam as the official theology of the Federation, position of the Malay delivery, the special rights of the Malays and equal citizenship. We are going to look into these factors one by one. Firstly, the demand is that for the power of the Malay rulers to be preserved, which is conferred under denomination 38 of the Constitution that established the conference of Rulers or Durbar.The council will act as the protector of the Malays, custom and religion. This power is materialized where the conference of ruler have need to be consulted in amending the Constitution and some other(a) privileges in particular, those Articles which have been entrenched, namely those pertaining to the status of the rulers, the special privileges of the indigenous Bumiputera (Article 153 of the Constitution), the status of the Malay language as the National language, and the clause governing th e entrenchment of such Articles.In the case of the Malays, these privileges related to the reservation of their position in the public services, of scholarship and other similar educational and training facilities (Article 153). Parliament is also empowered to reserve and for alienation to the Malays (Article 89 and Article 90) and also to restrict enlistment in the Malay regiment which to some extend violates right to equality of the people under Article 8 of the constitution but however in the spirit of the citizen itself.In the matter of religion, Islam was made the religion of the Federation. Tunku Abdul Rahman at the time was under pressure from the UMNO argued that the inclusion of Article 3 was important psychologically to the Malays. Nevertheless in recognizing the objections of the Rulers also the concern of the non-Malays, two provisos were included in the article in which it would not affect the position of the rulers in their respective state as head of Islam and that th e charge and propagation of other religion in the federation would be assured.As for language that is entrenched under Article 152 of the Constitution, the Alliance agreed to UMNOs marriage offer that Malay be the official language but that there would be no objections to the use of Chinese and Tamil for unofficial purpose. It was further guaranteed that the proviso in Article 152 will allow the teaching of Chinese and Tamil and that there would schools for the respective races.Among these five issues, the biggest bargain that the Bumiputera has offered during the drafting of the constitution must be the social contract in which the Malays would accept the jus soli citizenship and the minorities would settle with the special privilege conferred to the Bumiputera. The liberal citizenship requirement was a major concession from the Malays for with this agreement large number of non-Malays became citizens.In exchange for liberalizing citizenship requirement, non-Malays leaders in the alliance accepted the special position of the Malays. Thus it can be seen the constitution of Malaysia largely drafted around the notion of Volksgeist law should always conform to the popular consciousness. Hence, the provisions of the constitution was not the result of an arbitrary act of legislation but developed as a retort to the impersonal powers to be found in the peoples national spirit.As mentioned earlier, Maine opines that a society should move towards a contract society from a status society, where individuals of the disadvantages group will be able rise above their discrimination, that is, the structure of society and rules of the game, so to speak, must be changed in order to achieve ethnic equality. The progress however, must not disregard the customs of the society. The notion of progress from status to contract is depending on the society itself. The application of Maines proposition is a bit different as Malaysia, from moving to status contract, Malaysia is progre ssing from contract society to planned society.To clearly observe the progress if the society in Malaysia from a status society, to a contract society, then to a planned society, while respecting the custom of the society, entrenched in the provisions of the Malaysian Constitution we should first look in to the history of Malaysia. The Malaysian Constitution is the product of the political, economic and social development of the stratified people that can be traced back to the malacca cane Sultanates. The highest ground of administration was the Sultan and it stays the way it is as the system was so to say, perfectly working at the time.The Sultan controls the government, act as the domineering command of the military power and symbolize the unity of the welfare. There was no issue of inequality of right as the society at that time as the citizen was so contented with the idea of leaded by a Ruler. It was only until the British colonial period commenced that the issue of advancing the society emerged. Treaty of the Federation 1895 which have the common clause that the four states Selangor, Pahang, Negeri Sembilan and Perak to accept British officer that act as Resident General.